The modern Western diet contains an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of roughly 15:1 to 20:1, compared to the evolutionary ratio of approximately 1:1 to 4:1. This imbalance is driven largely by refined seed oil consumption. Research published in Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy found that excess omega-6 promotes pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production, contributing to cardiovascular disease, obesity, and autoimmune conditions. A 2018 study in the BMJ re-analyzing the Minnesota Coronary Experiment data found that replacing saturated fat with linoleic acid (from seed oils) did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and may have increased it. Soybean oil, the most consumed oil in the U.S., was shown in a 2020 UC Riverside study to cause neurological gene dysregulation and metabolic dysfunction in mice. The industrial processing itself creates harmful byproducts, including trans fats and lipid oxidation products.